What happens to the human body in space may help scientists create new anti-aging therapies.

ΒιΆΉΣ³»­΄«Γ½ Professor Michal Masternak and his team have identified molecular changes in the liver that happen when space travelers experience radiation and microgravity. These changes – that resemble accelerated aging – provide new insight into how prolonged space missions may increase health risks for astronauts and reveal potential targets for therapies that could combat age-related diseases on Earth.

β€œJust 24 hours after radiation exposure, there are many genetic changes in the liver that are remarkably similar to what happens during aging.” β€” Professor Michal Masternak

β€œWe focused on the liver because it is one of the major metabolic organs in our body,” says Masternak, leader of the College of Medicine’s aging and space medicine research efforts. β€œWhat we found was that just 24 hours after radiation exposure, there are many genetic changes in the liver that are remarkably similar to what happens during aging. We can assume that if someone were in space much longer, the damage could be much greater.”

The findings were recently published in GeroScience.

Portrait of bald man wearing glasses and white lab coat standing in front of blue lab bench
Professor Michal Masternak says the space industry provides unique opportunities to study aging at an accelerated pace. (Photo by Eddy Duryea ’13β€―)

 

Navigating the Science

For their study, ΒιΆΉΣ³»­΄«Γ½ researchers and scientists from the U.S. created a simulated deep space environment in the lab. The team exposed animal models to simulated microgravity for 14 days and galactic cosmic radiation and solar particle events at NASA Space Radiation Laboratory trying to mimic the dosage that astronauts would be exposed to during a trip to Mars.

The exposure triggered noticeable and potentially harmful changes in the liver, including increased cellular senescence (aging and decreased cell function), inflammation and fibrosis. Left untreated, these conditions can eventually lead to declining and even failing organ function.

The research team then compared their results with data collected from astronaut blood samples taken during the NASA Twins Study and Inspiration4 astronauts. They saw similar genetic changes in blood.

β€œWe’ve got this raw data from human studies, and they show that some of these changes are similar,” Masternak says. β€œThat tells us we’re identifying useful molecular targets that one day could help protect astronauts during long-duration space missions.”

They also went a step further to see whether the changes could be treated. They identified a group of molecules known as antagomirs that alter several aging and inflammatory genetic pathways by interacting with the body’s microRNA. This system could pinpoint promising future therapies for space travelers.

Three men and one woman dressed in white lab coats and blue gloves on their hands stand shoulder to shoulder in lab setting
(From left to right): Biotechnology graduate student Sarah Siddiqi, researcher Mishfak Mansoor, ΒιΆΉΣ³»­΄«Γ½ Professor Michal Masternak and biomedical sciences doctoral student Md Tanjim Alam. (Photo by Eddy Duryea ’13β€―)

Understanding Aging in the Space Age

Masternak says the nation’s growing space industry provides a unique opportunity to study aging at an accelerated pace.

β€œVery often when we study different aging processes, it takes time,” he says. β€œEven in humans, it’s almost impossible because it would take decades. But if we see some acceleration of aging in space, then we can translate it to human studies. We can observe processes happening much faster, understand them better and eventually use that knowledge to improve health for people here on Earth.”

β€œIf we see some acceleration of aging in space, then … we can observe processes happening much faster, understand them better and eventually use that knowledge to improve health for people here on Earth.” β€” Masternak

Those discoveries could eventually lead to therapies that slow age-related diseases, preserve organ function and improve quality of life for everyone as they age.

β€œOur understanding of aging is very complex,” Masternak says. β€œAging isn’t simply wrinkles or cosmetic changes. It’s the gradual and cascading failure of multiple organs and biological systems that happen at the same time. By understanding what starts that process and where it happens, we have a better chance of preventing many diseases before they develop. That is one of the biggest outstanding questions.”

Students Positioned at the Forefront of Space Medicine

College of Medicine students are also benefitting from space medicine research. Biomedical sciences Ph.D. student Md Tanjim Alam β€™25MS joined Masternak’s laboratory during his biotechnology master’s program after initially planning to study cancer in relation to aging biology. Then he was introduced to space medicine, including processing astronaut samples from commercial space travelers to study how extreme environments affect human biology. That research has inspired him.

β€œI want to keep exploring the unknown,” Alam says. β€œI really want to understand how space travel influences human health, particularly its effects on aging and cancer.”

Biotechnology graduate student ³§²Ή°ω²Ή³σ&²Τ²ϊ²υ±θ;³§.&²Τ²ϊ²υ±θ;³§Ύ±»ε»εΎ±±ηΎ±&²Τ²ϊ²υ±θ;’24&²Τ²ϊ²υ±θ;says the interdisciplinary nature of the research attracted her to the space medicine and aging lab.

β€œWhen people think of aging, they think only about elderly populations,” says Siddiqi, who earned her bachelor’s degree as a Burnett Honors Scholar in biomedical sciences. β€œBut we study aging across different stages of life and different environments, including space. I’ll always be focused on improving quality of life. I want to better understand diseases that are increasingly prevalent and find ways to recognize them earlier, before they progress to later stages.”

Funding and Disclosure:

Representing ΒιΆΉΣ³»­΄«Γ½, Natalie Hayslip β€™24 served as first author, while Sarah Ashiqueali β€™21MS ’24PhD, Xiang Zhu, Ridwan Hussein β€™22 and Mishfak Mansoor also contributed to the research. Researchers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill also contributed.

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Award Number (FAIN): 2317758(MMM), Ed and Ethel Moore Alzheimer’s Disease Research Program of the Florida Department of Health, Public Health Research, Biomedical Research Program 24A12 (MMM), and the National Science Centre, Poland UMO-2023/51/B/NZ5/00498 (MMM).

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the awarding agencies.